Capital & ComputeAI economics, mapped

Follow the money behind intelligence.

AI looks like software. Underneath, it is a system of chips, power, models, labor and capital. Choose a thread and follow it all the way down.

Today on the desk.

Four readings, each dated and linked to the tracker it came from.

  1. New AI models

    18shipped in September 2026

    8 labs. Newest: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash from DeepSeek.

    IFMOpenAIAnt GroupAnthropicGoogleAlibabaDeepSeekMeta

    As of Sep 13, 2026

  2. 32GB DDR5 kit at retail

    $425 to $560$13.28 to $17.50 per GB

    Plus DDR4, HBM and server RDIMM street prices.

    Typical listing price for this kit, flat through 2025 then climbing steeply to about $599.

    As of Sep 11, 2026

  3. Model prices and lifecycle

    38models with verified rates

    2 more announced or rumored. Every rate is source-linked.

    Input price of each tracked model on a log axis, from $0.15 to $10 per million tokens, with most of the field bunched at the cheap end.

    As of Sep 12, 2026

  4. AI benchmarks

    116benchmarks, 12 categories

    85 still active, the rest saturated or retired.

    New benchmarks introduced per year from 2017 onward, peaking sharply in 2024.

    As of Sep 12, 2026

11 labs, 42 models trackedAnthropic8Google8OpenAI5Alibaba4Meta4DeepSeek3Zhipu3Moonshot2Thinking Machines2xAI2Cohere1

What the numbers look like.

Three pictures from the same datasets the trackers run on. Each one is drawn at build time from a dated snapshot, not a live feed.

Intelligence you get per dollar you spend.

AI model Intelligence Index against blended price per million tokensScatter of 15 models across 13 labs: every model on the cost-efficiency frontier, plus the highest-scoring model from each lab. The horizontal axis is blended price per million tokens on a log scale, computed as three parts input plus one part output. The vertical axis is the Intelligence Index, 0 to 100, not a percentage. A model sits on the drawn frontier when no other model beats it on price and score at once.0102030405060$1$2$3$5$10$20$30Blended price per million tokens, log scaleIntelligence Index (0-100)GLM-5.3-FlashMiniMax M3Llama 4 MaverickDevstral 2Nemotron 3 UltraGemini 3.8 FlashDeepSeek V4 ProGLM-5.3InklingGrok 4.5Qwen3.8 MaxKimi K3Claude Opus 5Claude Fable 5.1GPT-6 AstraOn the frontierDominated: cheaper and better exists
AI model Intelligence Index against blended price per million tokens
ModelAccuracyCost per solved taskOn the cost-efficiency frontier
Claude Fable 5.153.4$20.00Yes
Claude Opus 550.7$10.00Yes
Gemini 3.8 Flash41.2$1.50No
GPT-6 Astra45.2$20.00No
GLM-5.344.9$2.20Yes
Grok 4.539.1$3.00No
Kimi K334.5$6.00No
Qwen3.8 Max40.3$3.00No
GLM-5.3-Flash41.9$0.20Yes
MiniMax M329.6$0.50No
Inkling25.5$2.60No
Nemotron 3 Ultra23.4$1.40No
Devstral 29.4$0.90No
Llama 4 Maverick9.3$0.50No
DeepSeek V4 Pro20.8$2.00No
Scores as of Sep 11, 2026Benchmark composites from Price Per Token, prices from this site's model registry. Showing every model on the frontier plus each lab's highest scorer, 15 of 36 scored models; the full field is on the leaderboard. Price is blended at three parts input to one part output.

A 32GB DDR5 kit, since April 2025.

Retail price of a 32GB DDR5-6000 kitTwo lines over 51 readings from 2025-04-04 to 2026-09-11. The typical listing held near $126 for nine months, then rose through late 2025 and early 2026 to a peak near $594. The cheapest tracked retailer follows the same shape from $59 to about $396.$0$200$400$600Jul 2025Jan 2026Jul 2026Typical listing$588Cheapest tracked$425
Retail price of a 32GB DDR5-6000 kit
DateTypical listingCheapest tracked
2025-04-04$125$59
2025-06-07$126$55
2025-07-25$129$54
2025-09-11$128$63
2025-10-29$192$78
2025-12-16$457$126
2026-02-02$595$195
2026-03-22$565$390
2026-05-09$564$201
2026-06-26$576$375
2026-08-13$592$390
2026-08-25$599$390
2026-08-28$595$390
2026-08-31$596$390
2026-09-03$597$420
2026-09-06$597$420
2026-09-09$599$420
2026-09-11$588$425
Reading as of Sep 11, 20262x16GB DDR5-6000 CL30, from WhereIsMyRAM. A multi-retailer aggregated tracker, so a secondary source, and its basket excludes Amazon, which makes this series not directly comparable with the Amazon-based per-GB figures on the tracker page. Retail is a range: the two lines are the cheapest price found and what a typical listing asks.

The price of intelligence, 300x down.

AI output price per million tokens over time, frontier flagship against the fixed-capability floorOutput price per million tokens on a log axis. The cheapest model at or above the March 2023 GPT-4 quality bar fell from $60 to about $0.20, roughly 300 times. The frontier flagship line held near $60 from 2021 to 2024, halved to $30, dipped to $20 on a promotional rate, then rose to $50 in September 2026 when GPT-6 Astra and Claude Fable 5.1 set the new frontier tier.$0.10$1$10$10020222023202420252026Cheapest GPT-4-class model$0.20Frontier flagship$50
AI output price per million tokens over time, frontier flagship against the fixed-capability floor
DateCheapest GPT-4-class modelFrontier flagship
2021-11-01$60
2023-03-01$60$60
2024-05-01$15
2024-07-01$0.60
2024-12-01$60
2026-07-01$0.20$30
2026-08-21$20
2026-09-03$50
Prices as of Sep 4, 2026Historical anchors from a16z's LLMflation, later points from provider launch and pricing pages. Buying a fixed capability got 300x cheaper; buying the frontier barely moved, and in September 2026 it got more expensive.

Pick a point of entry.

Each path starts with the big picture, then moves into the evidence, tradeoffs and tools behind it.

  1. AI costs

    01The price of intelligence

    Token prices are the sticker. Context windows, retries, cache misses, subscription floors and the work an agent abandons halfway decide the bill. A model that looks half the price per million tokens routinely costs more per finished task, and the gap only appears once the same job is priced end to end across providers.

    • The Price Reversal Phenomenon: When Cheaper AI Costs More
    • GPT-5.6 vs Claude Opus 4.8 vs Fable 5: Which to Pick
  2. Coding agents

    02Software that builds software

    The model matters. The harness around it usually matters more: how an agent reads a repository, what it retries, how much context it wastes, and where the loop stops. Two teams running the same model see cost and success rates diverge by multiples once the scaffolding and workflow differ.

    • Best Claude Code Agentic Workflows: 2026 Playbook
    • Build Your Own Agent Harness or Buy Claude Code?
  3. Models & benchmarks

    03Capability under pressure

    Leaderboards compress messy reality into a single number, then labs quote whichever number flatters the release. Suites saturate, contamination inflates scores, and the same model under different scaffolding can move ten points. What matters is which benchmarks still separate frontier models, and what each one refuses to measure.

    • Are AI Benchmarks Reliable? How the Scores Get Gamed
    • Harbor-Index: The AI Benchmark Where Nothing Tops 30%
  4. Local AI & hardware

    04Intelligence you can own

    Memory capacity sets what a machine can load, bandwidth sets how fast it answers, and utilization decides whether owning hardware beats renting it. With DRAM in a shortage cycle the arithmetic keeps moving: a build that paid for itself last quarter may not this one, and the break-even turns on how many hours the box actually runs.

    • How Much RAM to Run a Local LLM? 2026 Sizing Guide
    • Local LLM Tokenomics: Self-Hosted Cost Per Token (2026)
  5. Compute infrastructure

    05Concrete, power and capital

    Behind every model sits a physical stack measured in gigawatts, substations, GPUs and construction schedules, and a financial one measured in debt, leases and depreciation assumptions. Capacity announced today energizes years out, so the distance between what is promised and what is running is where the interesting numbers live.

    • AI Data Center Financing 2026: Inside the $700B Buildout
    • AI Training Costs 2026: GPT-5.6, Claude Fable 5, Gemini
  6. AI markets

    06Where adoption meets money

    Adoption, productivity, publishing and national strategy show where AI creates value and where it only moves it from one balance sheet to another. Measured gains rarely match the claims, search referral traffic is repricing entire publishing models, and countries subsidize compute for reasons that are strategic before they are economic.

    • World Models: Why AI's Biggest Names Bet Billions in 2026
    • Ex-OpenAI and Ex-Anthropic Startups: The Money

What AI really costs.

Every number checked, dated, and linked to its source.

The price you are shown is never the price you pay. Your flat monthly plan is still metering tokens behind the scenes. Your coding agent burns most of its budget on tasks it never finishes. The data center sold in gigawatts arrives three years late, stuck in line for electricity.

This site works out the real figure and shows you where it came from.

Six subjects, one question: what does this actually cost to run?

AI costs
What one task costs start to finish, not the sticker price per token.
Coding agents
Why the setup around a model drives your bill more than the model does.
Models and benchmarks
Whether a leaderboard score holds up on real work. Usually it does not.
Local AI and hardware
Buy the GPU or rent the API? The math, redone every time RAM prices move.
Compute infrastructure
The power, the buildings, and the debt behind every model you use.
AI markets
Who is making real money from AI, and who is only moving it around.

The free trackers handle the moving parts. Model prices, GPU and memory street prices, benchmark definitions, provider rates, cost per task: each one is a dated dataset, read again at the source whenever the market shifts. You will never be handed a screenshot from six months ago.

Nothing on this site is guessed. A benchmark score comes off the leaderboard, not out of a launch post. A price links to the page it was read from. No ranking is for sale and no link pays a commission. Anything that turns out to be wrong gets corrected in the open.

Fresh from the field.

View the full archive
  1. 01SpaceX AI Infrastructure Data Centers Explained
  2. 02An Anthropic Researcher Quit. Safety Has a Price
  3. 03Did ChatGPT Solve Navier-Stokes? What It Cost
  4. 04iPhone Duo $1,999: Foldable Cost Math

Check the numbers yourself.

Every figure links to its source right where it appears, not in a footnote at the bottom. The data behind the trackers is published as JSON, so you can cite it directly instead of scraping the page. Each post says how many sources it stands on and when those numbers were last checked.

The label matters as much as the link. A preprint is called a preprint. Documentation written by a vendor is called documentation, not independent proof. Coverage from another outlet says whose reporting it is.

Prices and scores are stamped with the date they were confirmed. A rate checked in March proves nothing in August, and leaderboards reshuffle faster than any page can keep up. When a number is estimated rather than measured, the assumptions are laid out so you can redo the math, or argue with it.

Published analyses
143
Free tools
33
Open datasets
20
JSON endpoints
9
Last published
Sep 15, 2026

Questions about this site

What does Capital & Compute cover?
The economics of AI infrastructure: what coding agents and model APIs cost per finished task, whether running inference locally beats renting it, what a benchmark score means once you leave the test set, and the capital, power and memory supply sitting behind the models. Six topic areas, 143 published analyses, and a set of maintained price and benchmark trackers.
How are the numbers sourced?
Every factual or statistical claim links to its primary source at the point the claim is made, names who produced it, and states the year. A preprint is labeled a preprint. Vendor documentation is labeled documentation rather than an independent finding. Posts built on research close with a full source list, and each figure records the date it was checked.
How often are the price trackers updated?
Each tracker carries an as-of date and is refreshed against primary sources when the underlying market moves, not on a fixed schedule. Model pricing follows provider rate cards; memory, GPU and storage prices follow spot indices, contract forecasts and retail listings. A reading is a dated snapshot rather than a live feed, so confirm anything time-critical at the source before quoting it.
Can I reuse the data?
Yes. The datasets behind the trackers are served as JSON at stable URLs so a number can be cited or rebuilt instead of scraped, and an llms.txt describes the site for AI answer engines. Attribution with a link back is appreciated.
Who writes it?
Capital & Compute publishes under the brand rather than a personal byline. The work is meant to be judged on whether its sources hold up, which is why every claim is linked and dated, why methodology is stated alongside the number, and why corrections are published rather than edited in quietly.